Estrogen signaling is a research area that focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which estrogen, a hormone primarily produced by the ovaries, influences various physiological processes in the body. Estrogen is well-known for its role in regulating the development and function of female reproductive organs, but it also plays a crucial role in other biological processes, such as bone health, cardiovascular function, and cognitive function. Estrogen signals through two main types of receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), which are found in various tissues throughout the body. When estrogen binds to these receptors, it triggers a series of cellular responses that regulate gene expression and ultimately influence cell function. Research in estrogen signaling involves studying the pathways and mechanisms by which estrogen receptors are activated, as well as how estrogen signaling can be dysregulated in various diseases, such as breast cancer, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding estrogen signaling pathways can lead to the development of new therapies for these conditions and inform personalized medicine approaches for patients with estrogen-related disorders.